Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from the clinical and hospital environment in Gaza Strip, Palestine: A review over 20-year
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3823/859Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance, Gaza strip, Palestine, Patients, Hospital environmentAbstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threatening problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. The majority of pathogenic bacteria show multiple drug resistance patterns. Thus, treatment of infections caused by those bacteria become ineffective. This paper evaluates, investigates, and discusses the existing situation of antimicrobial resistance in Gaza Strip, Palestine.
The data of this review considered the published articles over the period 2002-2021. Search was conducted using Google scholar, Researchgate, and PubMed search engines. Thirty five articles were included. This review discussed studies done on antibiotic resistant bacteria found in a wide range of environments including clinical samples, foods, poultry, costal water, hospital wastewater, and hospital environments. The reported dissemination and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria is influenced by several factors like inappropriate and unwise use of antibiotics as well as the un-regulated access of these antibiotics to the environment.
Palestine is in urgent need to develop, strengthen, and implement antimicrobial stewardship policy, standard treatment guidelines, a local plan for containment and reduction of antimicrobial resistance, and research related to public health aspects of antimicrobial resistance at the community and hospital level.
Keywords; Antimicrobial resistance, Gaza strip, Palestine
References
References:
Frieri, M., Kumar, K., Boutin, A., 2017. Antibiotic resistance. J. Infect. Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007
World Health Organization, Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System(GLASS) Report—Early Implementation 2017-2018(World Health Organization, Ge-neva, Switzerland, 2018).
Kon; Kateryna, Rai; Mahendra, 2016. Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms and New Antimicrobial Approaches - Google Books. Academic press.
World Health Organization. The world health report. Geneva: 1996.
Frean J, Perovic O, Fensham V, McCarthy K, von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, et al. External quality assessment of national public health laboratories in Africa, 2002–2009. BullWorld Health Organ 2012;90:191–9A.
Astal, Z.; El-Manama, A.; Sharif, F.A. (2002). Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Associated with Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in the Southern Area of the Gaza Strip. Journal of Chemotherapy, 14(3), 259–264. doi:10.1179/joc.2002.14.3.259
Morita, Y., Tomida, J., and Kawamura, Y. (2012). MexXY multidrug efflux system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front. Microbiol.3:408. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00408.
Lin, Jun; Nishino, Kunihiko; Roberts, Marilyn C.; Tolmasky, Marcelo; Aminov, Rustam I.; Zhang, Lixin (2015). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(), –. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00034
Wright; Gerard, 2005. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: Enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57, 1451–1470.
Chuma,T.,Miyasako,D.,Dahshan,H.,Takayama,T.,Nakamoto,Y.,Shahada,F.,et al.(2013).Chronological change of resistance to beta-Lactams in Salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolated from broilers in Japan. Front. Microbiol. 4:113. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00113
Babakhani, S., Oloomi, M., 2018. Transposons: the agents of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. J. Basic Microbiol. 58, 905–917. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201800204
Domingues, S., da Silva, G.J., Nielsen, K.M., 2012. Integrons. Mob. Genet. Elements 2, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.4161/mge.22967
Blair J, Webber M, Baylay A, Ogbolu D, and Piddok L. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. 2015. Reviews. 13(1) 42-51
Wright, Gerard D. (2011). Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. , Chem. Commun, 47(14), 4055–4061. doi:10.1039/c0cc05111j
El-Astal Z, El-Manama A, Sharif FA. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections in the southern area of the Gaza Strip. J Chemother. 2002 Jun;14(3):259-64. doi: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.3.259. PMID: 12120880.
El- Astal Z. Bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility in Gaza strip, Palestine. 2004. Pak J Med Sci. 20(4): 365-370.
Elmanama AA, Elaiwa NM, El-Ottol AE, Abu-Elamreen FH. Antibiotic resistance of uropathogens isolated from Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza Strip in 2002. J Chemother. 2006 Jun;18(3):298-302. doi: 10.1179/joc.2006.18.3.298. PMID: 17129841.
Elmanama A, Alreqeb A, Kalloub H, Al-Reefi M, Musallam R, Radi S, Harara Z. Bacterial Etiology of Urinary Tract Infection and their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles. 2018. Journal of Al Azhar University-Gaza (Natural Sciences), 20 (2) : 81-98.
Alkhodari S, Elmanama A. Multidrug resistance of uropathogens at governmental hospitals in the Gaza strip/Palestine. IAJAA. 11(14):1-13.
Elmanam A. Elaiwa N, El-Ottol A, Elamreen. Pseudomonas aeruginosa distribution in clinical samples and their antibiogram from Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza, PNA. Annals of Alquds Medicine. 2006. 2: 37-45.
El Aila N. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from Al Shifa Hospital, Gaza, Palestine. 2017. Al-Aqsa University Journal (Natural Sciences Series); 21: 1-25.
Elmanama A. Abu Tayyem N, Nassr Allah S. The bacterial etiology of otitis media and their antibiogram among children in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Egyptian Journal of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences. 2015. 15(2): 87-91.
Elmanam A. and Abdelateef N. Antimicrobial Resistance of Enteric Pathogens Isolated from Acute Gastroenteritis Patients in Gaza strip, Palestine. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2013; 2 (4).
Al Jarousha A, El Jadba A, Al Afifi A, et al. Nosocomial multi drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the neonatal intensive care unit in Gaza City, Palestine. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13 (5): 623-8.
Dahshan, H., Abd-Elall, A.M.M., Megahed, A.M., Abd-El-Kader, M.A., Nabawy, E.E.,2015 Veterinary antibiotic resistance, residues, and ecological risks in environmental samples obtained from poultry farms, Egypt. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4218-3
Elmanama A, Al-Refi M, Jaber A, Sukkar M. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) from Chicken cloacal Swab in Gaza Strip Poultry Farms. IUG Journal of Natural Studies. 2019; 27 (1) 11-18.
ELMANAMA, Abdelraouf A.; AL-AYDI, Islam Majdi; AL-REEFI, Mariam R.. Biofilm Formation and Methicillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Samples. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 1, mar. 2020. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/2367>. Date accessed: 05 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/841.
ELMANAMA, Abdelraouf A et al. Carbapenems Resistance among Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Samples in Gaza - Palestine. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, jan. 2019. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/2338>. Date accessed: 05 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/826.
ELMANAMA, Abdelraouf A et al. High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Poultry. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, oct. 2018. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/2335>. Date accessed: 05 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/824.
Elmanama AA, Laham NA, Tayh GA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from burn units in Gaza. Burns. 2013 Dec;39(8):1612-8. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.04.011. Epub 2013 May 9. PMID: 23664775.
TAYH, Ghassan et al. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESBL among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from burn units of Al Shifa hospital in Gaza, Palestine. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 3, jan. 2016. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/1439>. Date accessed: 05 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/775.
Elmanama A, Abu-Dan R, Eqtifan R, Shomar A, Al Rifi M. Evaluation of Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Al- Shifa Hospital and their Susceptibility to Acetic Acid. IUG Journal of Natural Studies. 2019. 27(1); 19-25.
Gioffrè A, Dragone M, Ammoscato I, Iannò A, Marramao A, Samele P, Sorrentino D. (2007). "The importance of the airborne microorganisms evaluation in the operating rooms: the biological risk for health care workers". G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 29: 743-5.
Al Laham N. Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Operation Theaters at Gaza Strip. Journal of Al Azhar University-Gaza (Natural Sciences), 2012. 14: 19-34
Rida RH, Al Laham NA, Elmanama AA. Carbapenem resistance among clinical and environmental Gram-negative isolates recovered from hospitals in Gaza strip, Palestine. Germs. 2018 Sep 3;8(3):147-154. doi: 10.18683/germs.2018.1142. PMID: 30250834; PMCID: PMC6141226.
AL Laham N. Detection and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Isolated from Healthcare Workers Nares at Gaza Hospitals, Palestine. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 4, feb. 2016. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/1466>. Date accessed: 05 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/779.
El Aila NA, Al Laham NA, Ayesh BM. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at Al Shifa hospital in Gaza Strip. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 5;17(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-2139-1. PMID: 28056831; PMCID: PMC5217237.
ELMANAMA, Abdelraouf A.; AL-AYDI, Islam Majdi; AL-REEFI, Mariam R.. Biofilm Formation and Methicillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Samples. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 1, mar. 2020. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/2367>. Date accessed: 01 may 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/841.
AL LAHAM, Dr. Nahed Ali et al. Resistance profiles and biofilm formation of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary care hospital in Palestine. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 3, dec. 2017. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/2311>. Date accessed: 06 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/814.
Ranjbar, R., Khamesipour, F., Jonaidi-Jafari, N., Rahimi, E., 2016a. Helicobacter pylori in bottled mineral water: Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties. BMC Microbiol. 16, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0647-1
Daoud, Z., Farah, J., Sokhn, E.S., El Kfoury, K., Dahdouh, E., Masri, K., Afif, C., Abdel- Massih, R.M., Matar, G.M., 2018. Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Lebanese Hospital Wastewater: Implication in the One Health Concept. Microb. Drug Resist. 24, 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2017.0090.
Yilmaz, G., Kaya, Y., Vergili, I., Beril Gönder, Z., Özhan, G., Ozbek Celik, B., Altinkum, S.M., Bagdatli, Y., Boergers, A., Tuerk, J., 2017. Characterization and toxicity of hospital wastewaters in Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess. 189, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5732-2
ABDELRAOUF A., Elmanama et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, fecal streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the coastal water of the Gaza strip-Palestine. The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 3, nov. 2016. ISSN 2174-9094. Available at: <http://imed.pub/ojs/index.php/IAJAA/article/view/2135>. Date accessed: 06 mar. 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3823/792.
Elmanama A, El Kichaoui A, Mohsin M. Contribution of Hospital Wastewater to the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in Comparison to Non-Health. 2006. J. Al-Aqsa Unv. 6(1): 108-121.
Qadi M, Alhato S, Khayyat R, and Elmanama A. Colistin Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Clinical Samples in Gaza Strip. 2021. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology. 2021:1-6
Naylor NR, Atun R, Zhu N, Kulasabanathan K, Silva S, Chatterjee A, Knight GM, Robotham JV. Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic literature review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018 Apr 25;7:58. doi: 10.1186/s13756-018-0336-y. PMID: 29713465; PMCID: PMC5918775.
Manoharan A, Chatterjee S, Mathai D, SARI Study group. Detection and characterization of metallo beta lactamases producing P. aeruginosa. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010;28:241‑4.
Elshafiee, E.A., Nader, S.M., Dorgham, S.M., Hamza, D.A., 2019. Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa originating from farm animals and people in Egypt. J. Vet. Res. 63, 333–337. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0049
Hakim, A.S., Omara, S.T., Syame, S.M., Fouad, E.A., 2017. Serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence genes screening of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diarrheic buffalo calves in Egyptian farms. Vet. World 10, 769–773. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.769-773.
Hassan, S.A., Altalhi, A.D., Gherbawy, Y.A., El-Deeb, B.A., 2011. Bacterial Load of Fresh Vegetables and Their Resistance to the Currently Used Antibiotics in Saudi Arabia. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 8, 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0805.
Faour-Klingbeil, D., Kuri, V., Fadlallah, S., Matar, G.M., 2016. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from raw vegetables in Lebanon. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 10,354–362. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7745
Ibrahim, R.A., Cryer, T.L., Lafi, S.Q., Basha, E.A., Good, L., Tarazi, Y.H., 2019. Identification of Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Jordan, their antimicrobial resistance, gene characterization, and the associated risk factors. BMC Vet. Res. 15, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1901-1
Shamsizadeh, Z., Nikaeen, M., Esfahani, B.N., Mirhoseini, S.H., Hatamzadeh, M., Hassanzadeh, A., 2017. Detection of antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in various hospital environments: Potential sources for transmission of Acinetobacter infections. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 22, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0653-4
Harris AD, Perencevich E, Roghmann MC, Morris G, Kaye KS, Johnson JA. Risk factors for piperacillin-tazobactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa among hospitalized patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Mar;46(3):854-8. doi: 10.1128/aac.46.3.854-858.2002. PMID: 11850272; PMCID: PMC127481.
Sjolander I., Hansen F., Elmanama A., Khayyat R., Abu-Zant A., et al., Detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional study. 2017. Thelancet. 390 (1): S12.
Ayesh, Basim M., Elmanama, Abdelraouf A.,& Abu Amra, Mohamed AClarithromycin Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Infections in Gaza Strip, Palestine. 2015. Al-Aqsa University Journal (Natural Sciences Series). 19 (1): 18-30.
Taylor DE., Ge Z., Purych D., Lo T., Hiratsuka K. 1997: Cloning and sequence analysis of two copies of a 23S rRNA gene from Helicobacter pylori and association of clarithromycin resistance with 23S rRNA mutations, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 41(12), 2621-2628.
Hultén K., Gibreel A., Sköld O., Engstrand L. 1997: Macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori: mechanism and stability in strains from clarithromycin-treated patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 41(11): 2550–2553.
Owen R. 2002: Molecular testing for antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori, Gut, 50, 285-289.
Xiong LJ., Tong Y., Wang Z., Mao M. 2013: Detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori by stool PCR in children: a comprehensive review of literature, Helicobacter, 18(2), 89-101.
Elmanama A., and Arafa H. Antibiogram of Klebsiella spp. isolated from ice cream samples in Gaza Strip. 2013. Journal of Al Azhar University-Gaza (Natural Sciences). 15 : 79-88.
Al Jarousha AM., El Jadba AH., AL Afifi AS, El Qouqa IA. Nosocomial multidrug resistance of Acinetocacter baumanni in the neonatal intensive care unit in Gaza City, Palestine. Int J Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;13(5):623-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.08.029. Epub 2009 Jan 13. PMID: 19144555.
Elmanama A. Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter spp. Isolated from Pus Specimens from AL-Shifa Hospital, Gaza, Palestine. J. Al-Aqsa Unv., 10 (S.E.) 2006.
Elmanama A., and Albayoumi M. High Prevalence of Antibiotic Residues among Broiler Chickens in Gaza Strip. 2016. Food and Public Health. 6(4): 93-98.
Elmanama A., Hassona I., Marouf A., Alshaer G., Abu Ghanima E. Microbial Load of Touch Screen Mobile Phones Used by University Students and Healthcare Staff. 2015. Journal of the Arab American University. 1 (1): Article 1.
Elmanama A., El-Ottol A., Kandeel A., Khail G., El-banna M., Harara Y. Uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility among healthy primary school children in Gaza City. 2014. Journal of Al Azhar University-Gaza (Natural Sciences). 16 : 37-46.
Elmanama A., Al-Reefi M., Diab E., Al-Tawil N. Colistin Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken Fecal Materials in Gaza Strip. 2018. Journal of Al Azhar University-Gaza (Natural Sciences). 20 (2) : 25-38.
Elmanama A., Al-Reefi M., Al Najjar L., Abu Eita S., Al Hag Ahmad B. 2020. Antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida spp. isolated from vaginal discharge of pregnant women. IUG Journal of Natural Studies. 28 (1): 52-58.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access and Benefits of Publishing Open Access).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
Articles are published Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ©
Copyright policies & self-archiving
This is our Copyright Policy. We are a RoMEO green journal.
| Author's Pre-print: |  author can archive pre-print (ie pre-refereeing) |
| Author's Post-print: | author can archive post-print (ie final draft post-refereeing) |
| Publisher's Version/PDF: | author can archive publisher's version/PDF |
